If some local banker and / or valuer deliberately engaged in "wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain" for themselves ( commission, bonus, promotion, reaching a target or whatever), by tricking / deceiving / misleading others in the bank, perhaps their superiors, then that can only be described as fraud. So, newtothis, it is clear who was defrauded, and who ultimately will be out of pocket if the borrower goes for a PIA. The rogue banker and valuer, who are no longer working for the bank, defrauded the bank. You could say the banks shareholders were also defrauded, as they did not know or approve of such wrongdoing.