My sense is that here we have a very experienced business man get the valuation completely wrong and it would be interesting to understand where the flaw in analysis occurred.
You're right! I still don't know how I got it so wrong, but I'll try in this post to get to the bottom of the flaws in my analysis.
First of all, while I am an experienced businessman, my background is in finance. I know nothing about engineering or car-making. I gather that Musk is an engineering genius. I didn't realise how much this would contribute to his success.
The fact that so many believed in him - there is almost a Musk cult - helped enormously. It's hard to disentangle the cult from his objective genius as an engineer. I've just read the following in the FT this morning:
"In its darkest hour, the company went through what its Chief Executive Elon Musk called 'production hell': supplies were late or missed, cars came off the production line requiring extensive additional work. At one point, the company was turning out vehicles without seats and asking dealers to bolt them on in the showrooms. Tesla has emerged on the other side of the saga as a trillion-dollar business."
What other company could have retained the trust of investors - never mind that of prospective car-buyers - while all this was going on? Musk, through the force of his personality, his belief that he could get through, boosted by the unquestioning faith of his legions of groupies, managed to achieve the impossible. We never learned in actuarial school that charisma was so powerful! (Which reminds me of a joke: what does an actuary use for contraceptive? His/her personality.)
During my working years, I was involved with one company that achieved breakneck growth for a period, but it caused all sorts of long-term problems. I thought the same would happen with Tesla, but it hasn't – apparently not to date, anyway. That's a tribute to Musk and his management team.
The cult of Musk has helped in other ways.
I presume that, for most car companies, distribution costs account for a high proportion of the total sale price (as they do in the retail saving market). Musk seems to have eliminated a high proportion of that cost, allowing the company to reap a high proportion of the total margin. That does a lot to improve margins. I think that Musk has claimed that Tesla has the highest operating margins of all volume OEMs. That is due in large part to his ability to cut out the middle man, or at least reduce their drag on profits.
The Musk aura manifests itself in many other ways. Tesla's cost of capital is a fraction of the cost for other car manufacturers. That is very important, as car companies have massive amounts of capital tied up in factories, stock, etc. Tesla can issue shares to investors on the promise of megabucks decades into the future, but nothing until then. No-one else could get away with that trick. They’ve done something similar with bondholders, promising to repay them partly in shares, which everyone believes will keep increasing in value well into the future, simply because Elon Musk says they will. It can become a self-fulfilling prophesy. That cuts the interest they must pay.
The belief that the gravy train will last forever also helps Musk to attract top executives at a fraction of what other OEMs would have to pay for talent. All he has to do is promise hefty stock options down the line. He can throw them round like confetti. It all helps to reduce the cost base.
Having said all that, I still think Tesla is way overvalued, but my past performance is definitely not a guide to the future, so you would be best advised not to listen to my prognostications.
Nonetheless, here are a few thoughts to ponder.
The current share price is $1,085, while earnings in 2021 (diluted, of course, to allow for all the stock options) were $4.90 a share, up from $0.64 in 2020.
We must assume that the business will ultimately plateau. Musk won’t live forever and not everyone in the world will own a high-priced Tesla. When the business does eventually plateau, the share price will end up at around (say) eight times earnings. That means that earnings have to rise to around $135 a share to justify the current share price. That’s 27 times current earnings. Even Elon Musk will struggle to achieve that sort of growth in diluted earnings (remembering of course that he and his management team will be licking up much of the extra value by issuing shares to themselves for next to nothing and diluting the interests of ordinary investors). And by the time earnings get to that level, investors will want a much higher share price, to compensate for the lack of any sort of dividend on their investment. This makes the target even harder to achieve.
There are a number of other headwinds. There are low barriers to entry in the EV market and a host of new entrants joined in the last few years. The Musk aura will insulate Tesla to a large extent, but not completely. Its margins must eventually fall. Subsidies are also being cut. I see that China (a major market for Tesla) is cutting subsidies by 30% in 2022 and ending them completely on 31 December. The same is happening or will happen in other markets. Nevertheless, I've learned my lesson. I’ll be wary of betting against Elon Musk in future.