Marie,
you asked about EMU interest rates, and how they are set.
Well here is a quote from the ECB website:
The primary objective of the ECB’s monetary policy is to maintain price stability. The ECB aims at inflation rates of below, but close to, 2% over the medium term.
(In plain English, their job is to keep inflation low and stable)
Indeed, they need to act in advance of any possible rise in inflation, and therefore choke off or prevent excessive inflation.
The ECB keep an eye on the money supply, on producer prices, oil prices, and on rates of economic growth, always trying to see what is and might happen to inflation.
Over the past few years the main EMU economies have been weak, with high unemployment and no threat of rising inflation. So interest rates were reduced to a low of 2% to help these economies recover. Rates have been at 2% from June 2003.
Now there are signs of recovery, and inflation might be on an upward path, so the ECB have recently raised rates to 2.25%. Just one increase of a quarter percent.
The US also reduced their rates all the way down to 1% a few years back (2001-2002???) to help the economy out of recession. During the past year, interest rates have been increased 13 times (13*0.25) back up to 4.25%.
Does that help??
Any more questions??