Chris thanks for that link Rothbard. I look forward to reading it. What I was saying about the dollar in broad strokes was that it was "somewhat" immune, not totally. I take your point, but what I was referring to was the fact that as the dominant tradable currency internationally and therefore neccessary in ways that almost no other currency is. This gives a certain latitude to the dollar not available to other currencies.
Cuttle when you say "actually, permenantly related to something "real"..." I assume you mean something like gold or another valuable commodity? And the formula and anchoring you mean is like a ratio between gold reserves and the volume of currency in circulation ?
This first part of this question is almost philosophical. A "real thing" is something that people value. Value itself is not vested in anything other than what we place it in. Gold is often used as a commonly accepted repositery of value. But gold itself has no inherent value (or any substantial real use) except it's perception in people's minds and scarcity. If I had all the gold, diamonds, pearls, oil, silver, platinium or whatever in the world, and no food it would quickly become apparent that they are all completely valueless. I would give all of these for a slice of bread! This makes it clear that "real "things of value is a relative term. Such an absolute situation doesn't happen, but it makes the point of value and the effect of demand crystal clear,(as does the expression "your money or your life") and it does happen to various degrees in the real economy. So the "real" thing you refer to, is in fact "demand" and this changes.
Russia lost a huge amount of it's grain this yr, and has banned it's export. They must now import grain to feed themselves. They trade oil and gas, and use these sales to buy grain. Broadly speaking, the balance of demand for what they sell, and what they must buy determines the value of the rouble. They need Euro's to buy grain from Europe and Europe need roubles to buy oil and gas. Therefore nothing has real permenant value, and any formulae are relative, so it's not that simple. Demand is the driver and therefore it would be impossible to say that something is "...actually,legally and permanently, relatedto something real..."
Nobody can fully answer your questions on this in a post. You probably need to read up on it. As I said, it's complex, but also fascinating.