Generally, 28 days should be enough drying time for a fresh concrete floor before overcoating it. A way to check would be to stick down sellotape in different areas around the floor and leave it overnight. If the underneath of the sellotape is damp the following morning, then it is still not cured enough to paint.
If it is cured off enough, you will need to roughen up the surface only if it is a glass like finish. I generally wouldnt recommend acid etching due to smell, disposal of acid after, etc. For a large area, you can hire a floor sander from a tool hire shop and lightly abrade the surface. these generally come with a hoover attachment so shouldnt be too dusty. For a small area, a hand held grinder with a wire brush attachment should do the trick. Its just a light abrasion you need that will feel slightlly rough on your fingertips. Once you have prepared the floor like this, you can hoover up the remaining dust and apply the paint as per the instructions.